The programme strategy is to systematically create an ever expanding tsetsefree zone. The distribution of african trypanosomiasis is completely linked to the range of its vector, the tsetse fly. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human african. When kill the tsetse fly, kill the disease doesnt work. Multinational eradication of tsetse and trypanosomiasis. Due to the tsetse flys climatic restrictions the disease is restricted between the 14 th latitude north and the 29 th latitude south on the african continent. Georeferenced data on trypanosome infections in tsetse flies are important data that complement those of aat and hat in order to estimate the disease risks for a broader perspective. Gradually the trypanosomes penetrate into and multiply within. Fly sampling as tsetse are attracted to a wide range of vertebrate species including humans in their quest for food, it is relatively easy to capture flies with modified entomological handnets, and this became one of the first methods of sampling flies. Human african trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is caused by infection with parasites of the genus trypanosoma, transmitted by the tsetse fly.
Tsetse fly genes yield clues to control sleeping sickness. This film gives a detailed account of the lifecycle of the tsetse fly, with special reference to glossina morsitans. The life cycle of trypanosoma nannomonas congolense in the. Travellers going on safari and rural areas should avoid getting bitten by tsetse flies. The diseases occur throughout subsaharan africa, causing extensive morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. Cnn battling the deadly bite of the tsetse fly feb. The programme design is based on the concept that, to achieve eradication, the fly has controlled by all infested country in a coordinated manner. Tsetse definition of tsetse by the free dictionary. African trypanosomiasis african sleeping sickness disease.
Tsetse fly, genus glossina, any of about two to three dozen species of bloodsucking flies in the housefly family, muscidae order diptera, that occur only in africa and transmit sleeping sickness african trypanosomiasis in humans and a similar disease called nagana in domestic animals. A bite from a tsetse fly is an extremely unpleasant experience. The international glossina genome initiative iggi, including scientists at the university of the western capes south african national bioinformatics institute sanbi, led by professor alan christoffels, have concluded a tenyear project on the genome of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. It is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as medical advice or a diagnosis of any health or fitness problem, condition or disease.
Both strains require a tsetse fly vector for transmission, and in uganda, g. This disease is transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly, which transfers the protozoan parasite, trypanosoma brucei, to both humans and cattle. While conventional wisdom dictates, if you kill the fly, you kill the disease, not all tsetse flies are competent carriers. Seek immediate medical attention if bitten by a tsetse fly the bite is painful and symptoms appear. The discussion is based on a standard equation for the transmission of vectorborne diseases and explores the biological significance of each of the variables and parameters involved for the particular case of the african. Tsetse flytransmitted african trypanosomiasis video file. Attardo mining the genome of the disease transmitting.
In kenya has shown that the tsetse fly hide and breed in thickets. At first glance, it may be surprising why tsetse flies aren. This insect is the primary vector of trypanosoma brucei parasites that cause a chronic wasting disease in humans human african trypanosomiasis, or hat and domesticated animals animal african trypanosomiasis, or aat in 36 countries throughout subsaharan africa. Highland regions of east africa which had been free of tsetse fly were colonised by the pest, accompanied by sleeping sickness, until then unknown in the area. Pdf temporal genetic differentiation in glossina pallidipes. Who programme to eliminate sleeping sickness preamble the pan african tsetse and trypanosomiasis eradication campaign pattec was established in june 2000 by the heads of state of the organization of african unity oau and launched on 5 october 2001, calling for the mobilization of the international community and. In uganda, the tsetse fly glossina fuscipes fuscipes is responsible for transmission of the parasite in 90% of sleeping sickness cases, and co. Jun 27, 2012 the tsetse transmitted african trypanosomes cause diseases of importance to the health of both humans and livestock. Sleeping sickness affects around 300,000 people every year in africa. The reduction or elimination of tsetse populations is an effective method for controlling trypanosomiasis that requires a thorough knowledge of tsetse biology and ecology. In people, the disease manifests itself as sleeping sickness, a serious illness which kills in the absence of appropriate treatment. If untreated, african trypanosomiasis can lead to a coma and be fatal.
Ive read that the tsetse fly is attracted to the colors black and dark blue, so i am not bringing any clothing of those colors. All tsetse species are capable of transmitting trypanosomes, though some are more efficient disease vectors than others. The word tsetse means fly in tswana, and refers to all 23 species of the fly genus glossina. Preference for tsetse fly mammalian hosts human, wild, or domestic animals can differ greatly depending on the species of glossina, wildlife, and geographical locations 4,5,6. The disease, caused by trypanosome parasites transmitted by the tsetse fly, can be treated only with toxic drugs that are hard to administer and sometimes ineffective. The emergence of lyme disease and other tickborne diseases the emergence of lyme disease and other tick. This treatment kills about 5% of patients from the ptre. Risk is most prevalent in the region from kigoma at lake tanganyika to arusha in the northern part of the country. In livestock, the disease is known locally as nagana and it causes severe production losses. The tsetse, about the size of a house fly, infests 37 subsaharan african countries 32 of them among the 42 most heavily indebted poor countries hipcs in the world. The disease has two forms, trypanosoma brucei t b rhodesiense and t b gambiense.
Approximately 6% of them were positive to the anthrone test, with more positives in both g. Genetic code of the deadly tsetse fly unraveled 24 april 2014 side view of a pregnant tsetse fly. Eradicating fatal sleeping sickness by killing off the. The life cycles of these trypanosomes in the fly were described in the last century, but comparatively few details are available for trypanosoma nannomonas congolense, despite the fact that it is probably the most prevalent and widespread pathogenic species for livestock in. The content on this site is presented in a summary fashion, and is intended to be used for educational and entertainment purposes only. Prevention of sleeping sickness requires avoiding contact with the tsetse fly. The infection results in fever, headache and joint pains, followed by confusion, poor coordination, numbness and disturbed sleep. The disease ultimately affects the central nervous system causing severe 6 who programme to eliminate sleeping sickness building a global alliance photo credit. Human african trypanosomiasis hat, also known as sleeping sickness, is caused by protozoan parasites transmitted via the bite of a tsetse fly. As nouns the difference between fly and tsetse is that fly is zoology any insect of the order diptera. A bite from this fly puts you into a deadly sleep bbc. In order to standardise catches further, fly sampling was regularly performed over set paths. It is not like a mosquito, which can furrow its thin mouthpart directly into your blood, often without you noticing. The present study is within the framework of this continental initiative due to data provided on tsetse fly distribution as well as trypanosome infections in.
Due to the tsetse flys climatic restrictions the disease is restricted between the 14th latitude north and the 29th latitude south on the african continent. The tsetse fly genus glossina is the major vector of human african trypanosomiasis hat and animal african trypanosomiasis aat. Tsetse flies genus glossina are the only vector for the parasitic trypanosomes responsible for sleeping sickness and nagana across sub. Blood meal sources and bacterial microbiome diversity in wild. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human. Transmission occurs in the early stage of the blood feeding, when the fly inject some saliva before sucking the blood of its host.
Tsetse flies are the biological vectors of several trypanosomes affecting livestock and of two trypanosome species, trypanosoma brucei gambiense and t. A spatial genetics approach to inform vector control of. Tsetse flies are classified into a single genus glossina weidemann 1830. Bbc earth a bite from this fly puts you into a deadly sleep. A new subgenus, machadomia dias 1987, was established to incorporate the anomalous. Tsetse flies, the vectors of sleeping sickne ss human african trypanosomosis and nagana animal african trypanosomosis are unique to africa. Tsetse fly disease definition of tsetse fly disease by. The trypanosomal chancre develops at the site of inoculation tsetse fly bite, and within a few weeks the trypanosomes spread to the hemolymphatic system, leading to the first stage of african trypanosomiasis. Tsetse flies feed on the blood of vertebrate animals including humans and in doing so, transmit the sleeping sickness parasite from infected animals to uninfected ones. The kathekani tsetse flies are commonly found in game parks, where they are carried by buffaloes and elephants. Blood meal sources and bacterial microbiome diversity in.
Looking for online definition of tsetse fly disease in the medical dictionary. Distribution of african sleeping sickness by country. Who programme to eliminate sleeping sickness building a global alliance the signing on 3 may 2001 of a partnership agreement between who and aventis, and the call by the directorgeneral of who to reinforce control measures against sleeping sickness, have heralded the dawn of a new era in the struggle to eliminate this scourge of africa. The authors use a quantitative modelling framework to describe and explore the features of the biology of tsetse flies glossina spp. Est 1908 gmt cnn on the african continent, in the narrow band between the 15th parallels that bookend. Travelers who go to subsaharan africa are at risk see map. Attardo mining the genome of the diseasetransmitting. Battling the deadly bite of the tsetse fly february 28, 1998 web posted at. Tsetse flies get the infection when feeding on an infected animal. Human disease is caused by two different subspecies of the flagellated protozoa trypanosoma brucei. The twentytwo species of bloodfeeding tsetse fly are found only in tropical africa all can carry the trypanosome parasite that causes african sleeping sickness african trypanosomiasis in man and nagana in cattle and other domesticated animals. Travelers who plan to spend a lot of time outdoors or.
Conference addis ababa, ethiopia, on february 2728, 2010. The programme strategy is to systematically create an ever expanding tsetse free zone. Trypanosome infection rates in tsetse flies in the silent. Tsetse flies compose a family of their own, glossinidae, which is placed within the hippoboscoidea due to the morphological and reproductive similarities of tsetse flies to keds and other hippoboscid flies mcalpine, 1989. There are three extant subgenera, austenina townsend, nemorhina robineaudesvoidy, and glossina wiedemann that correspond to the fusca, palpalis, and morsitans species groups respectively. A proposal for tsetse fly glossina genome projects. The biological vector of human african trypanosomiasis and nagana in livestock is the tsetse fly diptera. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. African trypanosomiasis, also called african sleeping sickness, is a parasitic disease spread by the tsetse fly. If tsetse fly control becomes more effective, the demand for such drugs should decline, says vale. The tsetse fly is the main vector for human african trypanosomiasis aka sleeping sickness, and spreads the disease by biting humans or animals. The wild animals which are the tsetse fly s natural hosts do not seem to be seriously affected by trypanosome infection. The tsetse fly serves as an insect carrier for the disease. Tsetse fly genome breakthrough brings hope for african.
Wild mammal populations increased rapidly, accompanied by the tsetse fly. The pan african trypanosomosis and tsetse eradication campaign pattec were borne. Apr 24, 2014 24 april 2014, romevienna scientists have cracked the genetic code of the bloodsucking tsetse fly, prompting hope that the breakthrough will help future efforts to control one of the most devastating livestock diseases in subsaharan africa spread by the insect. Insect repellents and clothing that covers the limbs to the wrists and ankles are advisable.
My husband and i are going to tanzania northern part in september. Geographic distribution of african trypanosomiasis by country 11 the distribution of african trypanosomiasis is completely linked to the range of its vector, the tsetse fly. Tsetse flytransmitted african trypanosomiasis hstalks. A variety of mammalian species comprising both domestic and wild animals were detected in the tsetse fly samples. Jun 17, 2015 the tsetse fly serves as an insect carrier for the disease. Pdf the life cycle of trypanosoma nannomonas congolense. Millions of people died of the disease in the early 20th century. Symptoms include fatigue, high fever, headaches, and muscle aches. The tsetse genome was sequenced and annotated during a 10year international collaborative effort that involved the insect. The flies resemble normal house flies, but can be identified by two distinguishing characteristics. Dec 19, 2016 a bite from a tsetse fly can infect you with a terrifying parasite that brings on a deep and possibly fatal sleep. Apr 24, 2014 mining the genome of the disease transmitting tsetse fly, researchers have revealed the genetic adaptions that allow it to have such unique biology and transmit disease to both humans and animals. Understanding the genomic structure and behavior of the tsetse fly is pivotal to treating. The tsetse fly serves as both a host and vector for the trypanosome parasites.
Tsetse flies pose a serious constraint on livestock production and agricultural development in africa because they transmit the protozoan parasites which cause trypanosomiasis. Mar 19, 2020 bats, rats, and other mammals are sources of blood meal for wild tsetse flies. Despite a recent reduction in the number of reported cases, patients with african trypanosomiasis continue to present major. Multinational eradication of tsetse and trypanosomiasis in. Genetic diversity and population structure of the tsetse fly. Invasion of cns leads to meningoencephalitis which is invariably fatal. The disease occurs in 36 subsaharan african countries covering close to 9 million km 2, an area that corresponds approximately to onethird of the africas total land area. Oct 12, 2015 geographical coordinates of each trap and related information id of tsetse fly trap, description of the station, number of captured tsetse fly and, their state contained in an attribute table were projected on land use map using qgis software and the thematic analysis was carried out at the level of traps in order to evaluate the distribution. There are 23 species of tsetse flies, that inhabit much of midcontinental africa between the sahara and the kalahari deserts. A proposal for tsetse fly glossina genome projects april 2010.
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